10th Class Physics Notes Of Kpk Board

[AnadiL]

Measurement..
Meter is the unit of length in S.I. System.
Meter is defined as "The distance between the two marks on a Platinum-Iridium bar kept at 0OC in the International Bureau of Weight and Measures in Paris."
One meter = 100 cm
One meter = 1000 mm
Kilogram
Kilogram is the unit of mass in S.I. System.
"Kilogram is defined as the mass of a platinum cylinder placed in the International Bureau of Weight and Measures in Paris."
One kilogram = 1000gram
Second
Second is the unit of time in S.I. System.
A second is defined in terms of the time period of Cs-133 atoms. i.e." one second is equal to 9,192,631,770 periods of vibrations of Cs-133 atoms."
60 seconds = one minute
3600 seconds = one hour
Least Count
Minimum measurement that can be made by a measuring device is known as " LEAST COUNT'.
Least count (vernier callipers) = minimum measurement on main scale / total number of divisions on vernier scale
.
Least count (screw gauge) = minimum measurement on main scale / total number of divisions on circular scale
Smaller is the magnitude of least count of a measuring instrument, more precise the measuring instrument is.
A measuring instrument can not measure any thing whose dimensions are less than the magnitude of least count.
Least Count of Vernier Callipers = 0.01 cm
Least Count of Micrometer Screw gauge = 0.001 cm
Zero Error
It is a defect in a measuring device (Vernier Callipers & Screw Gauge).
When jaws of a Vernier Callipers or Screw Gauge are closed, zero of main scale must coincides with the zero of vernier scale or circular scale in case of screw gauge.
If they do not coincide then it is said that a zero error is present in the instrument.
Types Of Zero Error
Zero error may be positive or negative. A positive zero error in the instrument shows a larger measurement than the actual measurement. In order to get exact measurement, positive zero error is subtracted from the total reading.. A negative zero error in the instrument shows a smaller measurement than the actual measurement. In order to get exact measurement, negative zero error is added to the total reading.
Pitch
"Perpendicular distance between two consecutive threads
of the screw gauge or spherometer is called PITCH."
Pitch = Distance traveled on main scale / total number of rotations
Error
An error is defined as
"The difference between the measured value and actual value."
If two persons use the same instrument for measurement for finding the same measurement, it is not essential that they may get the same results. There may arises a difference between their measurements. This difference is referred to as an "ERROR".
Types Of Error
Errors can be divided into three categories:
(1) Personal Error
(2) Systematic Error
(3) Random Error
Personal Error
An error comes into play because of faulty procedure adopted by by the observer is called "PERSONAL ERROR".
Personal error comes into existence due to making an error in reading a scale. It is due to faulty procedure adopted by the person making measurement.
Systematic Error
The type of error arises due to defect in the measuring device is known as "SYSTEMATIC ERROR".
Generally it is called "ZERO ERROR". it may be positive or negative error. Systematic error can be removed by correcting measurement device.
Random Error
The error produced due to sudden change in experimental conditions is called "RANDOM ERROR".
For example:
Sudden change in temperature, change in humidity, fluctuation in potential difference (voltage).
It is an accidental error and is beyond the control of the person making measurement.

 

[Fanii]

Measurement..
Meter is the unit of length in S.I. System.
Meter is defined as "The distance between the two marks on a Platinum-Iridium bar kept at 0OC in the International Bureau of Weight and Measures in Paris."
One meter = 100 cm
One meter = 1000 mm
Kilogram
Kilogram is the unit of mass in S.I. System.
"Kilogram is defined as the mass of a platinum cylinder placed in the International Bureau of Weight and Measures in Paris."
One kilogram = 1000gram
Second
Second is the unit of time in S.I. System.
A second is defined in terms of the time period of Cs-133 atoms. i.e." one second is equal to 9,192,631,770 periods of vibrations of Cs-133 atoms."
60 seconds = one minute
3600 seconds = one hour
Least Count
Minimum measurement that can be made by a measuring device is known as " LEAST COUNT'.
Least count (vernier callipers) = minimum measurement on main scale / total number of divisions on vernier scale
.
Least count (screw gauge) = minimum measurement on main scale / total number of divisions on circular scale
Smaller is the magnitude of least count of a measuring instrument, more precise the measuring instrument is.
A measuring instrument can not measure any thing whose dimensions are less than the magnitude of least count.
Least Count of Vernier Callipers = 0.01 cm
Least Count of Micrometer Screw gauge = 0.001 cm
Zero Error
It is a defect in a measuring device (Vernier Callipers & Screw Gauge).
When jaws of a Vernier Callipers or Screw Gauge are closed, zero of main scale must coincides with the zero of vernier scale or circular scale in case of screw gauge.
If they do not coincide then it is said that a zero error is present in the instrument.
Types Of Zero Error
Zero error may be positive or negative.A positive zero error in the instrument shows a larger measurement than the actualmeasurement.In order to get exact measurement, positive zero error is subtracted from the total reading..A negative zero error in the instrument shows a smaller measurement than the actualmeasurement. In order to get exact measurement, negative zero error is added to the total reading.
Pitch
"Perpendicular distance between two consecutive threads
of the screw gauge or spherometer is called PITCH."
Pitch = Distance traveled on main scale / total number of rotations
Error
An error is defined as
"The difference between the measured value and actual value."
If two persons use the same instrument for measurement for finding the same measurement, it is not essential that they may get the same results. There may arises a difference between their measurements. This difference is referred to as an "ERROR".
Types Of Error
Errors can be divided into three categories:
(1) Personal Error
(2) Systematic Error
(3) Random Error
Personal Error
An error comes into play because of faulty procedure adopted by by the observer is called "PERSONAL ERROR".
Personal error comes into existence due to making an error in reading a scale. It is due to faulty procedure adopted by the person making measurement.
Systematic Error
The type of error arises due to defect in the measuring device is known as "SYSTEMATIC ERROR".
Generally it is called "ZERO ERROR". it may be positive or negative error. Systematic error can be removed by correcting measurement device.
Random Error
The error produced due to sudden change in experimental conditions is called "RANDOM ERROR".
For example:
Sudden change in temperature, change in humidity, fluctuation in potential difference (voltage).
It is an accidental error and is beyond the control of the person making measurement.

ye knsey kpk k notes hain .... ?

 

[AnadiL]

Chapter 3.. ​

Scales And vector.​

​

SCALAR QUANTITIES
Physical quantities which can completely be specified by a number (magnitude)
having an appropriate unit are known as "SCALAR QUANTITIES".
Scalar quantities do not need direction for their description.
Scalar quantities are comparable only when they have the same physical dimensions.
Two or more than two scalar quantities measured in the same system of units are equal if they have the same magnitude and sign.
Scalar quantities are denoted by letters in ordinary type.
Scalar quantities are added, subtracted, multiplied or divided by the simple rules of algebra.

EXAMPLES
Work, energy, electric flux, volume, refractive index, time, speed, electric potential, potential difference, viscosity, density, power, mass, distance, temperature, electric charge, electric flux etc.

VECTORS QUANTITIES

Physical quantities having both magnitude and direction
with appropriate unit are known as "VECTOR QUANTITIES".
We can't specify a vector quantity without mention of deirection.
vector quantities are expressed by using bold letters with arrow sign such as:

vector quantities can not be added, subtracted, multiplied or divided by the simple rules of algebra.
vector quantities added, subtracted, multiplied or divided by the rules of trigonometry and geometry.
EXAMPLES
Velocity, electric field intensity, acceleration, force, momentum, torque, displacement, electric current, weight, angular momentum etc.
REPRESENTATION OF VECTORS
On paper vector quantities are represented by a straight line with arrow head pointing the direction of vector or terminal point of vector.
A vector quantity is first transformed into a suitable scale and then a line is drawn with the help of the
scale choosen in the given direction.

 

[AnadiL]

​

​

MULTIPLICATION
OF A VECTOR
BY A SCALAR
When a vector is multiplied by a positive number (for example 2, 3 ,5, 60 unit etc.) or a scalar only its magnitude is changed but its direction remains the same as that of the original vector.
If however a vector is multiplied by a negative number (for example -2, -3 ,-5, -60 unit etc.) or a scalar not only its magnitude is changed but its direction also reversed.

The product of a vector

by a scalar quantity (m) follows the following rules:

(m)

=

(m) which is called commutative law of multiplication.

m(n

) = (mn)

which is called associative law of multiplication .

(m + n)

= m

+ n

which is called distributive law of multiplication .

DIVISION
OF A VECTOR
BY A SCALAR
The division of a vector

by a scalar number (n) involves the multiplication of the vector by the reciprocal of the number (n) which generates a new vector.
Let n represents a number or scalar and m is its reciprocal then the new vector

is given by :
where m = 1/n

and its magnitude is given by:

The direction of

is same as that of

if (n) is a positive number.

The direction of

is opposite as that of

if (n) is a negative number.

 

[AnadiL]

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PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF VECTOR ADDITION
Acccording to the parallelogram law of vector addition:
"If two vector quantities are represented by two adjacent sides or a parallelogram
then the diagonal of parallelogram will be equal to the resultant of these two vectors."

EXPLANATION
Consider two vectors

. Let the vectors have the following orientation

parallelogram of these vectors is :

According to parallelogram law:

MAGNITUDE OF
RESULTANT VECTOR
Magintude or resultant vector can be determined by using either sine law or cosine law.

 

[AnadiL]

@Hackerrr see yehi chapters na..??

 

[AnadiL]

@Fanii i dont knw..@Hackerrr ko Chahiye the Iske Notes..Unse Poochen..