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Publications of C. R. Scotese​

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The following is a list of my publications on the topics of plate tectonics, paleogeography, and paleoclimatology. ​

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Research Articles in Books and Journals​

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1974 The first vertebrate flying machine, Earth Sci., 27: 145-150.​

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1975​

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____ and Baker, C. W., Continental drift reconstructions and animation, J. Geol. Educ., 23: 167-171.​

Continental Drift (flip book), 1st edition.​

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1976 ​

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A continental drift 'flip book", Computers and Geology, 2:13-116.​

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1977​

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____ with Ziegler, A.M., McKerrow, W.S., Johnson, M.E., and Bambach, R.K., Paleozoic biogeography of the continents bordering the Iapetus (Pre-Caldonian) and Rheic (Pre-Hercynian) ocean, in Paleontology and Plate Tectonics, R. M. West, ed., Milwaukee Public Museum, Special Publications in Biology and Geology, 2:1-22.​

____ with Ziegler, A.M., Hansen, K.S., Kelly, M.E., and Van der Voo, R., Silurian continental distributions, paleogeography, climatology, and biogeography. Tectonophysics, 40: 13-51.​

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1979​

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____ with Bambach, R.K., Barton, C., Van der Voo, R., and Ziegler, A.M., Paleozoic base maps., J. Geology, 87, 217-277.​

____ Continental Drift (flip book), 2nd edition.​

____ with Ziegler, A.M., McKenow, W.S., Johnson, M.E., and Bambach, R.K., Paleozoic paleogeography, Ann. Rev. Earth and Planet Sci., v. 7, p. 473-302.​

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1980 ​

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____ with Bambach, R.K., and Ziegler, A.M., Before Pangaea: The Paleozoic world, Amer. Sci. 68:26-38.​

____ Mesozoic and Cenozoic paleocontinental maps (review), Amer. J. Sci., v. 280, p. 93-96.​

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1981 ​

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____ with Van der Voo, R., Paleomagnetic evidence for a large (2,000 km) sinistral offset along the Great Glen fault during Carboniferous time, Geology, 9: 583-589.​

____ with Ziegler, A. M., and Barrett, S. F., Paleoclimate sedimentation and continental accretion, in the Origin and Evolution of the earth's Crust, S. Moorbath and B.F. Windley, eds., Philo. trans. Roy. Soc., A301:254-264.​

____ with Ziegler, A. M., and Parrish, J. T., Cambrian world paleogeography, biogeography and climatology., Taylor, Michael E. Short papers for the Second international symposium on the Cambrian System. Open, file, Report, U.S. Geological Survey., p. 252​

____ and Snelson, S., Ross, W.C., and Dodge, L.P., A computer animation of continental drift, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 32: suppl. III, 61-70.​

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1982 ​

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____ and Van Der Voo, R., and McCabe, C., Paleomagnetism of the Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian carbonates of New York State: Evidence for secondary magnetizations residing in magnetite, Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 30:385-395.​

____ with Donovan, R. N., Meyerhoff, A.A., Parnell, J., Van der Voo, R., Paleomagnetic evidence for a large (differs from 2,000 km) sinistral offset along the Great Glen Fault during the Carboniferous time, discussions and reply, Geology v. 10, p. 604-607.​

____ with Winchester, J.A., and Van der Voo, R., Paleomagnetic evidence for a large (differs from 2,000 km) sinistral offset along the Great Glen Fault during the Carboniferous time, discussions and reply, Geology v. 10, p. 487-488.​

____ with Parrish, J. T., and Ziegler, A.M., Rainfall patterns and the distribution of coals and evaporites in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, Paleogeog., Paleoclim., Paleoecol., 40: 67-101.​

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1983 ​

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____ with Friedman, R.M., A summary of paleomagnetic data from the Cordillera of western North America, in R.M.F. Master's Thesis, University of Chicago.​

____ with Ziegler, A.M., and Barrett, S.F., Mesozoic and Cenozoic paleogeographic maps, in Tidal friction and the Earth's Rotation II, P. Broche/J. Sundermann, eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin.​

____ with McCabe, C., Van der Voo, R., Peacor, D.R., and Freeman, R., Diagnetic magnetite carrier ancient yet secondary remanence in some Paleozoic sedimentary carbonates, Geology v. 11, pp. 221-223.​

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1984​

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____ with Van der Voo, R., and Bonhommet, N., (editors) Plate Reconstruction from Paleozoic Paleomagnetism, Geodynamics V. 12, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington, D.C., 136 pp.​

____ An introduction to this volume: Paleozoic Paleomagnetism and the Assembly of Pangea, in Plate Reconstruction from Paleozoic Paleomagnetism, R. Van der Voo, C.R. Scotese, N. Bonhommet, eds. Geodynamics, v. 12, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington, D.C. pp. 1-110.​

____ and Van der Voo, R., Johnson, R.W., and Giles, P.S., Paleomagnetic results from the Carboniferous of Nova Scotia, in Plate Reconstruction from Paleozoic Paleomagnetism, R. Van der Voo, C.R. Scotese, N. Bonhommet, eds. Geodynamics, v. 12, pp. 11-26.​

____ with Van der Voo, R., and Peinado, J., A paleomagnetic reevaluation of Pangaea reconstructions, in Plate Reconstruction from Paleozoic Paleomagnetism. R. Van der Voo, C.R. Scotese, N. Bonhommet, eds. Geodynamics, v. 12, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 11-26.​

____ with Van der Voo, and R., McCabe, Was Laurentia part of an Eocambrian supercontinent? in Plate Reconstruction from Paleozoic Paleomagnetism, R. Van der Voo, C.R. Scotese, N. Bonhommet, eds. Geodynamics, v. 12, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 131-136.​

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1985 ​

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The assembly of Pangea, middle and late Paleozoic paleomagnetic results from North America, 339 p. (Ph.D. Thesis)​

____ with Rowley, D.B., Raymond, A., Parrish, J.T., Lottes, A.L. and Ziegler, A.M., Carboniferous paleogeographic, phytogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions. International J. Coal Geology, 5:7-42.​

____ and Rowley, D. B., Carboniferous paleogeographic, phytogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions, Phillips, T. L., Cecil, C. B., Paleoclimatic controls on coal resources of the Pennsylvanian System of North America. International Journal of coal, Geology, 5 (1, 2), p. 7, 42.​

____ and Rowley, D.B., The orthogonality of subduction: An empirical rule? Tectonophysics, 116:173-187.​

____ and Van der Voo, R. and S.F. Barrett, Silurian and Devonian basemaps, Phil. trans. Roy. Soc. London B, 309:57-77.​

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1986 ​

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____ and Summerhayes, C.P., A computer model of paleoclimate to predict upwelling in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Geobyte, 1:28-42.​

____ with Parrish, J. T., Ziegler, A.M., Humphreyville, R.G. and Kirschvink, J.L., Early Cambrian paleogeography, paleoceanograpy, and phosphorites, in Phosphate Deposits of the World, vol. 1, (eds.) P.J. Cook and J.H. Shergold, Cambridge University Press, pp. 280-294.​

____ Phanerozoic Reconstructions; A New Look at the Assembly of Asia, UTIG Tech. Report 66, 54 pp.​

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1987 ​

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Plate tectonic development of the Circum-Pacific (Panthalassic Ocean) during the Early Paleozoic in Circum-Pacific Orogenic Belts and the Evolution of the Pacific Ocean Basin, J. W. Monger and J. Francheteau (eds.), Amer. Geophys. Union, Geodynamics series, v. 18, 49-57.​

____ with Lawver, L., A revised reconstruction of Gondwana, in Gondwana Six: Structure, Tectonics, and Geophysics, Amer. Geophys. Union, Monograph 40:17-23.​

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1988 ​

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____ and Sager, W.W., Mesozoic and Cenozoic Plate Reconstructions. Tectonophysics, 155:27-48.​

____ with Gahagan, L.M., Royer, J.Y., Sandwell, D.T., Winn, K., Tomlins, R., Ross, M.I., Newman, J.S., Mueller, D., Mayes, C.L., Lawver, L.A. and Heubeck, C.E., Tectonic fabric map of the ocean basins from satellite altimetry data. Tectonophysics 155:1-26.​

____ with Ross, M.I., A hierarchical tectonic model of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean region. Tectonophysics 155:139-168.​

____ with Royer, J.Y., Patriat, P. and Bergh, H., Evolution of the southwest Indian Ridge from the Late Cretaceous (anomaly 34) to the Middle Eocene (anomaly 20). Tectonophysics 155:235-260.​

____ and Gahagan, L.M. and Larson, R.L., Plate tectonic reconstructions of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic ocean basins. Tectonophysics 155:27-48.​

1989 with Bally, A.W., and Ross, M.I., North America; Plate tectonic setting and tectonic elements, in A.W. Bally and A.R. Palmer, (editors), The Geology of North America; An Overview, Decade of North American Geology, The Geology of North America, Volume A., 1-15.​

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1990 ​

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Phanerozoic plate tectonics reconstructions, insights into the driving mechanism of plate tectonics, Bulletin, Houston Geological Society, 32 (9), p. 10.​

____ with Lawver, A review of tectonic models for the evolution of the Canada Basin, Chapter 31, in A. Grantz, L. Johnson, and J.F. Sweeney, (editors), The Arctic Ocean Region, Decade of North American Geology, volume L, pp. 593-618.​

____ with McKerrow, W.S. (editors), Paleozoic Paleogeography and Biogeography, Geol. Soc. London, Memoir 12, 435 p.​

____ with Royer, J.Y., Gahagan, L.M., Lawver, L.M., Mayes, C.L., Nurnberg, D., and Sandwell, D.T. A tectonic chart for the southern oceans derived from GEOSAT altimetry data, in Antarctica as an exploration frontier - hydrocarbon potential, geology, and hazards, B. St. John (ed.), A.A.P.G. Studies in Geology #31, Tulsa, OK, pp. 89-99.​

____ and S.F. Barrett, Gondwana's movement over the South Pole during the Paleozoic: evidence from lithologic indicators of climate, in Paleozoic Paleogeography and Biogeography, W.S. McKerrow and C.R. Scotese (editors), Geological Society of London, Memoir 12, pp. 75-85.​

____ and W.S. McKerrow, Revised world maps and introduction, in Paleozoic Paleogeography and Biogeography, W.S. McKerrow and C.R. Scotese (editors), Geological Society of London, Memoir 12, pp. 1-21.​

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@Hoorain @huny @NamaL @MIS_MaLAika @CuTe_HiNa @Azeyy @Chulbuli @Wafa_Khan @isma33​

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o tohadda pala howe kuju kam kiya kro anna me nai prna u pr lo

 

[Aks_]

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hahaha[DOUBLEPOST=1375363995][/DOUBLEPOST]

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[Wafa_Khan]

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[Aks_]

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[isma33]

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[Aks_]

borhi hogye uncle

 

[Aks_]

~~ Street Children, some facts and pics ~~

20 years after the adoption of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child huge number of children around the world still suffers from poverty, violence and disease. Each year 4 million children die before they reach one month, 150 million children work, more than 500 million exposed to violence, but 51 million do not even remember their birthdays.

Street children is a term used to refer to children who live on the streets of a city. They are basically deprived of family care and protection. Most children on the streets are between the ages of about 5 and 17 years old, and their population between different cities is varied.

Street children live in abandoned buildings, cardboard boxes, parks or on the street itself. A great deal has been written defining street children, but the primary difficulty is that there are no precise categories, but rather a continuum, ranging from children who spend some time in the streets and sleep in a house with ill-prepared adults, to those who live entirely in the streets and have no adult supervision or care.

Poor health is a chronic problem for street children. Half of all children in India are malnourished, but for street children the proportion is much higher. These children are not only underweight, but their growth has often been stunted; for example, it is very common to mistake a 12 year old for an 8 year old.

Street children live and work amidst trash, animals and open sewers. Not only are they exposed and susceptible to disease, they are also unlikely to be vaccinated or receive medical treatment.

Homeless children have the odds stacked against them. They are exposed to the elements, have an uncertain supply of food, are likely miss out on education and medical treatment, and are at high risk of suffering addiction, abuse and illness. A single child alone on the streets is especially vulnerable.

Poverty dumps a crowd of problems onto a child. Not only do these problems cause suffering, but they also conspire to keep the child poor throughout his/her life. In order to survive, a poor child in India will probably be forced to sacrifice education and training; without skills the child will, as an adult, remain at the bottom of the economic heap.

Street schools provide some education, as does mainstreaming of children into government schools and offering scholarships to private schools. Vocational training centres are a pragmatic, but powerful, tool to assist children in escaping the poverty trap. Children at these centres learn skills such as jewellery-making and tailoring which can prove more valuable to them than additional formal schooling. The money children earn at the centres alleviates some of their poverty, and encourages the child and his/her parents to choose vocational training over child labour.

Most of Brazil's street children expect to be killed before they are 18. Between 4 and 5 adolescents are murdered daily and every 12 minutes a child is beaten. Conservative figures put the number at 2 killings every day.

@Azeyy @huny @Wafa_Khan @Hoorain @Don @zulfii @faari @Fa!th @Nelly @RoOMi @shoona @Shona​

 

[huny]

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[Aks_]

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[Wafa_Khan]

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[Aks_]

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[Wafa_Khan]

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[Aks_]

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[junaid_ak47]

Historical Importance of the First Man on the Moon:
For thousands of years, man had looked to the heavens and dreamed of walking on the moon. In 1969, as part of the Apollo 11 mission, Neil Armstrong became the very first to accomplish that dream, followed only minutes later by Buzz Aldrin. Their accomplishment placed the United States ahead of the Soviets in the Space Race and gave people around the world the hope of future space exploration.

Dates: July 20, 1969

Also Known As: First Moon Landing, First Man to Walk on the Moon

Crew Aboard Apollo 11: Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, Michael Collins
o aa ki a????
Overview of the First Man on the Moon:


When the Soviet Union launched Spu
tnik 1 on October 4, 1957, the United States was surprised to find themselves behind in the race to space. Still behind the Soviets in the Space Race four years later, President John F. Kennedy gave inspiration and hope to the American people in his speech to Congress on May 25, 1961 in which he stated, "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth." Just eight years later, the United States accomplished this goal by placing Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the moon.

Take Off!

At 9:32 a.m. on July 16, 1969, the Saturn V rocket launched Apollo 11 into the sky from Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. On the ground there were over 3,000 journalists, 7,000 dignitaries, and approximately a half million tourists watching this momentous occasion. The event went smoothly and as scheduled.

After one-and-a-half orbits around earth, the Saturn V thrusters flared once again and the crew had to manage the delicate process of attaching the lunar module (nicknamed Eagle) onto the nose of the joined command and service module (nicknamed Columbia). Once attached, Apollo 11 left the Saturn V rockets behind as they began their three-day journey to the moon, called the translunar coast.

A Difficult Landing

On July 19, at 1:28 p.m. EDT, Apollo 11 entered the moon's orbit. After spending a full day in lunar orbit, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin boarded the lunar module and detached it from the command module for their descent to the moon's surface. As the Eagle departed, Michael Collins, who remained in the Columbia while Armstrong and Aldrin were on the moon, checked for any visual problems with the lunar module. He saw none and told the Eagle crew, "You cats take it easy on the lunar surface."

As the Eagle headed toward the moon's surface, several different warning alarms were activated. Armstrong and Aldrin realized that the computer system was guiding them to a landing area that was strewn with boulders the size of small cars. With some last minute maneuvers, Armstrong guided the lunar module to a safe landing area. At 4:18 p.m. EDT on July 20, 1969, the landing module landed on the moon's surface in the Sea of Tranquility with only seconds of fuel left.

Armstrong reported to the command center in Houston, "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed." Houston responded, "Roger, Tranquility. We copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again."

Walking on the Moon

After the excitement, exertion, and drama of the lunar landing, Armstrong and Aldrin spent the next six-and-a-half hours resting and then preparing themselves for their moon walk.

At 10:28 p.m. EDT, Armstrong turned on the video cameras. These cameras transmitted images from the moon to over half a billion people on earth who sat watching their televisions. It was phenomenal that these people were able to witness the amazing events that were unfolding hundreds of thousands of miles above them.

Neil Armstrong was the first person out of the lunar module. He climbed down a ladder and then became the first person to set foot on the moon at 10:56 p.m. EDT. Armstrong then stated, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."

A few minutes later, Aldrin exited the lunar module and stepped foot on the moon's surface.

Leaving the Surface

Although Armstrong and Aldrin got a chance to admire the tranquil, desolate beauty of the moon's surface, they also had a lot of work to do. NASA had sent the astronauts with a number of scientific experiments to set up and the men were to collect samples from the area around their landing site. They returned with 46 pounds of moon rocks. Armstrong and Aldrin also set up a flag of the United States.

While on the moon, the astronauts received a call from President Richard Nixon. Nixon began by saying, "Hello, Neil and Buzz. I am talking to you by telephone from the Oval Office of the White House. And this certainly has to be the most historic telephone calls ever made. I just can't tell you how proud we are of what you have done."

After spending 21 hours and 36 minutes upon the moon (including 2 hours and 31 minutes of outside exploration), it was time for Armstrong and Aldrin to leave. To lighten their load, the two men threw out some excess materials like backpacks, moon boots, urine bags, and a camera. These fell to the moon's surface and were to remain there. Also left behind was a plaque which read, "Here men from the planet earth first set foot upon the moon. July 1969, A.D. We came in peace for all mankind."

The lunar module blasted off from the moon's surface at 1:54 p.m. EDT on July 21, 1969. Everything went well and the Eagle re-docked with the Columbia. After transferring all of their samples onto the Columbia, the Eagle was set adrift in the moon's orbit. The Columbia, with all three astronauts back on board, then began their three day journey back to earth.

Splash Down

Before the Columbia command module entered the earth's atmosphere, it separated itself from the service module. When the capsule reached 24,000 feet, three parachutes deployed to slow down the Columbia's descent. At 12:51 p.m. EDT on July 24, the Columbia safely landed in the Pacific Ocean, southwest of Hawaii. They landed just 13 nautical miles from the U.S.S. Hornet that was scheduled to pick them up.

Once picked up, the three astronauts were immediately placed into quarantine for fears of possible moon germs. Three days after being retrieved, Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins were transferred to a quarantine facility in Houston for further observation. On August 10, 1969, 17 days after splash down, the three astronauts were released from quarantine and able to return to their families.

The astronauts were treated like heroes on their return. They were met by President Nixon and given ticker-tape parades. These men had accomplished what men had only dared to dream for thousands of years - to walk on the moon.

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Buzz Aldrin Walking on the Moon​

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Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin faces the camera as he walks on the Moon during Apollo 11 mission. The plexiglass of his helmet reflects back the scene in front of him, such as the Lunar Module and Astronaut Armstrong taking his picture. (July 20, 1969)​

Picture courtesy of NASA.​

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@Don @yoursks @RedRose64 @Hoorain @Nelly @Sarlaa_TM @Mahiya @Azeyy @ChoCo @isma33 @FallenAngeL @Tariq Saeed @zonii @*khushi* @Dreamy @kingnomi @S_ChiragH @eXcalibuR @inNOc3Nt_SuFfi @sweet_ayesha @_ussama_ @Masoom_Abeera @Asma Shah @hafaz @Mustafayaqoob @gulfishan @goodfrndz @Hidden-Shadow @dcssalman @Pari @~Ambitiou$ Girl~ @sweet_c_kuri @attiya @Julie @itsarshad @deshki_monda @zubia @sammy05 @Piyari @AyAn_khAn @GeniousAsma @cuteshadab @AliiGolo @Lightman @Leeza_Rose @huny @GraetBoy1234 @zaatzarra @saimaaaaaaa @Krazii_kaskar @Ezha_talpur @masoom-si-girl @Shireen @ShahzadFaiz @StrawBerry @Era @Hoorain @Abidi @Shizuka @parri @Nelly @Don @Iceage-TM @Toobi @Atif-adi @RedRose64 @Binte_Hawwa @Sparkofighter @Mhk31 @faari @Rubi @Rhyme12 @saaaamshrrrrri @silverpearl @Aayat​

@Pariwisha @NamaL @Masoom_girl @mahi333 @Mani_mehar​

 

[Aks_]

Afghanistan, approximately the size of Texas, is bordered on the north by Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, on the extreme northeast by China, on the east and south by Pakistan, and by Iran on the west. The country is split east to west by the Hindu Kush mountain range, rising in the east to heights of 24,000 ft (7,315 m). With the exception of the southwest, most of the country is covered by high snow-capped mountains and is traversed by deep valleys.

Government

In June 2002 a multiparty republic replaced an interim government that had been established in Dec. 2001, following the fall of the Islamic Taliban government.

History

Darius I and Alexander the Great were the first to use Afghanistan as the gateway to India. Islamic conquerors arrived in the 7th century, and Genghis Khan and Tamerlane followed in the 13th and 14th centuries.

In the 19th century, Afghanistan became a battleground in the rivalry between imperial Britain and czarist Russia for control of Central Asia. Three Anglo-Afghan wars (1839–1842, 1878–1880, and 1919) ended inconclusively. In 1893 Britain established an unofficial border, the Durand Line, separating Afghanistan from British India, and London granted full independence in 1919. Emir Amanullah founded an Afghan monarchy in 1926.

@Asif_Gujjar @Pakistani_angel @sweet_angel @Hoorain @Mahiya @Masoom_girl @whiteros @amazingcreator

 

[Bird-Of-Paradise]

Nice sharing

 

[whiteros]

thanks shar kia

 

[Aks_]

Buffalo Race In Jembrana ^

Men compete during a buffalo race in Jembrana, Bali . More than three hundred of buffalo participated in the "Mekepung" (buffalo race), a thanksgiving ritual after a successful harvest.

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@Pakistani_angel @whiteros @Hoorain @JUST LIKE ROZE @SMFAHAD23 @Shiraz-Khan @Sarlaa_TM

 

[Bird-Of-Paradise]

lovely sharing

 

[SMFAHAD23]

very nice